Kajian Degradasi Lahan dan Pengelolaan Lahan Berkelanjutan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36312/jar.v4iSpecialIssue.2953Keywords:
Degradasi lahan, pengelolaan berkelanjutan, agroforestri, ketahanan pangan, perubahan iklimAbstract
Degradasi lahan merupakan permasalahan lingkungan global yang berdampak pada produktivitas pertanian, ketahanan pangan, dan keseimbangan ekosistem. Secara global, lebih dari 33% lahan dunia telah terdegradasi dengan penurunan produktivitas mencapai 25–40% (FAO, 2021). Di Indonesia, luas lahan terdegradasi mencapai 24,3–48,3 juta hektar, terutama di wilayah upland dan enklave hutan (KLHK, 2023). Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dinamika degradasi lahan, faktor penyebab, dan efektivitas pengelolaan lahan berkelanjutan (PLB) dalam pemulihan ekosistem. Pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif digunakan melalui kajian literatur dan analisis SWOT terhadap lebih dari 70 sumber ilmiah dan kebijakan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa degradasi lahan dipicu oleh deforestasi, konversi hutan, pertanian intensif, penggunaan pupuk kimia berlebih, dan perubahan iklim yang memicu kekeringan serta banjir. Dampaknya berupa penurunan hasil padi hingga 40%, erosi mencapai 60 ton/ha/tahun, dan hilangnya 70% biodiversitas tanah pada lahan intensif. Strategi PLB efektif melalui konservasi tanah dan air, agroforestri, serta pemberdayaan masyarakat, seperti agroforestri aren dan kopi di Lombok Tengah yang meningkatkan pendapatan petani hingga 35%. Meskipun PLB memiliki potensi besar dalam konservasi dan kolaborasi multipihak, kendala seperti kapasitas lokal dan konflik tata ruang masih terjadi. Diperlukan sinergi kebijakan, restorasi berbasis komunitas, dan diversifikasi ekonomi untuk mendukung pencapaian Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (SDGs).
Land degradation is a global environmental problem impacting agricultural productivity, food security, and ecosystem balance. Globally, more than 33% of the world's land has been degraded, with productivity declines reaching 25–40% (FAO, 2021). In Indonesia, the area of ??degraded land reaches 24.3–48.3 million hectares, primarily in upland areas and forest enclaves (KLHK, 2023). This study aims to analyze the dynamics of land degradation, its causal factors, and the effectiveness of sustainable land management (SLM) in ecosystem restoration. A descriptive qualitative approach was used through a literature review and a SWOT analysis of more than 70 scientific and policy sources. The study results indicate that land degradation is triggered by deforestation, forest conversion, intensive agriculture, excessive use of chemical fertilizers, and climate change that triggers drought and flooding. The impacts include a 40% decrease in rice yields, erosion reaching 60 tons/ha/year, and a 70% loss of soil biodiversity in intensive land. Effective PLB strategies include soil and water conservation, agroforestry, and community empowerment, such as sugar palm and coffee agroforestry in Central Lombok, which has increased farmer incomes by up to 35%. While PLB holds significant potential for conservation and multi-stakeholder collaboration, challenges such as local capacity and spatial planning conflicts persist. Policy synergy, community-based restoration, and economic diversification are needed to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
References
Abdulah, M., Taufik, M., & Ramadhan, Y. (2020). Pengaruh faktor sosial-ekonomi terhadap konservasi lahan oleh petani. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian, 12(1), 45–58.
Afifah, R., Natsir, A., & Syarifuddin, M. (2023). Model agroforestri di wilayah NTB: Studi kasus petani HKm Aik Bual. Jurnal Kehutanan dan Pembangunan Wilayah, 11(2), 112–127.
Austin, K. G., Schwantes, A., Gu, Y., & Kasibhatla, P. S. (2019). What causes deforestation in Indonesia? Environmental Research Letters, 14(2), 024007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748- 9326/aaf6db
Bai, Z., Dent, D., Olsson, L., & Schaepman, M. (2023). Global assessment of land degradation and sustainable land management: Trends and responses. Land Degradation & Development, 34(1), 1–14.
Bappenas. (2023). Rencana pembangunan jangka menengah nasional (RPJMN) 2020–2024: Pengelolaan lahan dan restorasi ekosistem. Kementerian Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional/Bappenas.
Boedhihartono, A. K. (2017). Mainstreaming landscape approaches in national development planning. Environmental Management, 60(6), 965–976.
Borrelli, P., Robinson, D. A., Fleischer, L. R., Lugato, E., Ballabio, C., Alewell, C., & Panagos, P. (2023). An assessment of the global impact of 21st century land use change on soil erosion. Nature Communications, 14(1), 1–11.
DLHK NTB. (2023). Laporan kondisi lahan kritis di NTB tahun 2023. Dinas Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Provinsi NTB.
Ekawati, S., Maryudi, A., & Suwarno, A. (2019). The importance of good forest governance for reducing deforestation. Forest Policy and Economics, 108, 101943.
Erfandi, D. (2016). Konservasi tanah dan air di lahan terdegradasi. Jurnal Agroklimat, 10(1), 37–43.
Estrada-Carmona, N., Hart, A. K., DeClerck, F. A. J., Harvey, C. A., & Milder, J. C. (2014). Integrated landscape management for agriculture, rural livelihoods, and ecosystem conservation: An assessment of experience from Latin America and the Caribbean. Landscape and Urban Planning, 129, 1–11.
FAO. (2021). Sustainable land management and land degradation neutrality. Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org
Golar, G., Sofyan, A., & Puspasari, T. (2021). Inklusivitas kelembagaan dalam
pengelolaan lanskap berkelanjutan. Jurnal Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota, 17(2), 125–135.
Helms, M. M., & Nixon, J. (2010). Exploring SWOT analysis – where are we now?: A review of academic research from the last decade. Journal of Strategy and Management, 3(3), 215–251. https://doi.org/10.1108/17554251011064837
IPBES. (2019). Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Services.
IPCC. (2022). Climate change and land: An IPCC special report on climate change,
desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security,
and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
IPCC. (2023). Sixth assessment report: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch
Keesstra, S. D., Bouma, J., Wallinga, J., Tittonell, P., Smith, P., Cerdà, A., & Montanarella,
L. (2018). The significance of soils and soil science towards realization of the
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Soil, 4(2), 129–139.
KLHK. (2020). Status degradasi lahan di Indonesia. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup
dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia.
KLHK. (2022). Laporan program rehabilitasi DAS dan PLB. Kementerian Lingkungan
Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia.
KLHK. (2023). Data pemantauan lahan kritis dan rehabilitasi hutan. Kementerian
Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia.
Kizito, F., Liniger, H. P., Schwilch, G., & Schuler, J. (2023). Participatory approaches in
sustainable land management: Lessons from sub-Saharan Africa. Land
Degradation & Development, 34(3), 230–243.
Lal, R. (2015). Restoring soil quality to mitigate soil degradation. Sustainability, 7(5),
5875–5895.
Lal, R., Lorenz, K., & Hüttl, R. F. (2022). Soil restoration and management for food
security. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 897654.
Laestadius, L., Maginnis, S., Minnemeyer, S., Potapov, P., Saint-Laurent, C., & Sizer, N. (2014). Mapping opportunities for forest landscape restoration. Unasylva, 64(2), 47–56.
Liniger, H. P., Studer, R. M., Hauert, C., & Gurtner, M. (2021). Sustainable land
management in practice: Guidelines and best practices for Sub-Saharan Africa.
World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT).
Mbow, C., Rosenzweig, C., Barioni, L. G., Benton, T. G., Herrero, M., Krishnapillai, M.,
... & Tubiello, F. N. (2019). Food security. In Climate change and land: An IPCC
special report. IPCC.
Mehmood, A., Rehman, M. A., & Khan, M. A. (2023). Organic amendments improve
soil fertility and crop productivity: A review. Soil Systems, 7(1), 28.
MoEF Indonesia. (2022). Perkembangan perhutanan sosial dan peranannya dalam PLB. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia.
Mann, T. (2015). The Oxford Guide to Library Research. Oxford University Press
Napitupulu, N. D., & Mudian, R. (2016). Pengelolaan lahan gambut dan risiko emisi
karbon. Jurnal Tanah Tropika, 21(3), 161–170.
Namugenyi, C., Nimmagadda, S. L., & Reiners, T. (2019). Design of a SWOT Analysis Model and its Evaluation in Diverse Digital Business Ecosystem Contexts. Procedia Computer Science, 159, 1145–1154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.283
Nedd, T., & Anandi, C. (2024). Redefining land degradation: Toward inclusive
ecological metrics. Journal of Environmental Management, 345, 118976.
Nkonya, E., Mirzabaev, A., & von Braun, J. (2016). Economics of land degradation and
improvement – A global assessment for sustainable development. Springer.
Pirngadi, S. (2022). Praktik terbaik pengelolaan lahan gambut. Badan Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Pertanian, Kementerian Pertanian.
Pretty, J., Benton, T. G., Bharucha, Z. P., Dicks, L. V., Flora, C. B., Godfray, H. C. J., ... & Wratten, S. D. (2018). Global assessment of agricultural system redesign for
sustainable intensification. Nature Sustainability, 1(8), 441–446.
Rahman, A., Syahrul, S., & Hastuti, W. (2021). Degradasi kimia tanah dan strategi
restorasi pada lahan sawah intensif. Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan, 23(1), 32–40.
Reed, J., Van Vianen, J., Barlow, J., & Sunderland, T. (2016). Have integrated landscape
approaches reconciled societal and environmental issues in the tropics? Lan Use Policy, 52, 103–112.
Rusdiyana, A., & Nurwahyunani, A. (2021). Kearifan lokal sebagai strategi konservasi
lahan oleh petani. Jurnal Agribisnis dan Pengembangan Wilayah, 5(1), 65–78.
Sari, D., Fikri, A., & Wulandari, S. (2023). Pembayaran jasa lingkungan berbasis
masyarakat: Studi kasus Gunung Rinjani dan Gede Pangrango. Jurnal Konservasi Alam, 14(2), 89–102.
Sartohadi, J., Sutikno, S., & Suharyadi, S. (2012). Kajian kerusakan lahan di wilayah
upland. Jurnal Geografi, 9(2), 100–112.
Sartohadi, J., et al. (2022). Terasering dan konservasi tanah: Strategi pengendalian erosi di lahan miring. Jurnal Konservasi Tanah, 7(2), 78–92.
Schwilch, G., Liniger, H., & Hurni, H. (2012). Sustainable land management (SLM)
practices in drylands: How do they address desertification? Environmental
Management, 50(4), 785–806.
Suharta, N., Putra, D. R., & Wibowo, H. (2021). Efektivitas teknik konservasi tanah di
DAS Citarum. Jurnal Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan, 8(3), 201–211.
Suud, F. M., Mulyani, A., & Handayani, S. (2023). Praktik pertanian dan degradasi
lahan: Studi kasus Bondowoso. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 28(1), 15–25.
Syahputra, R., Anwar, S., & Lestari, I. (2023). Dampak pembakaran lahan terhadap
mikroorganisme tanah di NTB. Jurnal Ekologi Tropika, 12(1), 55–67.
Taiyeb, M., Nasution, S. W., & Wibisono, A. (2022). Penguatan kelembagaan desa dalam konservasi lahan terdegradasi. Jurnal Kebijakan Lingkungan, 15(1), 34–48.
Tutuarima, L. F., Samosir, B., & Siregar, H. (2021). Analisis degradasi lahan dan
kebijakan pengelolaan berkelanjutan. Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota,
32(4), 263–274.
UNCCD. (2022). Global land outlook: Second edition. United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification. https://www.unccd.int
UNEP. (2022). UN decade on ecosystem restoration 2021–2030: Implementation plan.
United Nations Environment Programme.
Van Noordwijk, M., Tata, H. L., & Suyanto, S. (2015). Towards integrated landscape
approaches in Southeast Asia. Environmental Science & Policy, 54, 3–10.
Wahyunto, & Dariah, A. (2014). Degradasi lahan di Indonesia: Tantangan dan strategi
pengelolaan. Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim, 39(1), 1–16.
World Bank. (2022). Land degradation and sustainable agriculture: Challenges and
opportunities in developing countries. The World Bank.
Wildemuth, B. M. (2016). Applications of Social Research Methods to Questions in Information and Library Science. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
Yuliana, I. G. A. A., Retnowati, A., & Gunawan, I. B. (2023). Degradasi padang sabana
dan ketahanan pangan di Sumba Timur. Jurnal Sosial Ekologi, 6(1), 74–88.
Zornoza, R., Acosta, J. A., Barba-Brioso, C., Faz, Á., & Carmona, D. M. (2015). Soil
degradation and sustainable management in Mediterranean environments.
Sustainability, 7(4), 3810–3837.
Zulkarnain, F., Lestari, D., & Mahyuddin, E. (2024). Agroforestri aren dan kopi dalam
meningkatkan fungsi ekosistem lahan upland. Jurnal Agroforestri Indonesia, 3(1), 17–30.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Febriana Tri Wulandari, Wahyu Astiko
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Journal of Authentic Research agree to the following terms:
- For all articles published in Journal of Authentic Research, copyright is retained by the authors. Authors give permission to the publisher to announce the work with conditions. When the manuscript is accepted for publication, the authors agrees to implement a non-exclusive transfer of publishing rights to the journals.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
