Analisis Konsentrasi Pasar dan Efisiensi Pemasaran Kemiri pada Sistem Hutan Kemasyarakatan Giri Madia, Lombok Barat

Abstract

Kemiri (Aleurites moluccanus) merupakan hasil hutan bukan kayu bernilai ekonomi penting bagi masyarakat pengelola Hutan Kemasyarakatan (HKm), tetapi manfaat ekonominya sangat ditentukan oleh struktur pembeli, panjang saluran, dan distribusi nilai tambah di sepanjang rantai pemasaran. Penelitian ini menganalisis konsentrasi pembeli, margin pemasaran, dan farmer’s share pada pemasaran kemiri rakyat di HKm Giri Madia, Lombok Barat. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif berbasis survei terhadap 42 petani kemiri dan delapan pelaku pembeli/pemasaran yang teridentifikasi melalui penelusuran rantai pemasaran. Data dianalisis menggunakan Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), margin pemasaran berbasis harga ekuivalen kemiri kupas, dan farmer’s share. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat empat saluran pemasaran yang dibedakan oleh jumlah perantara, tujuan pasar, dan fungsi nilai tambah pascapanen. Nilai HHI sebesar 3.931 menunjukkan pasar sangat terkonsentrasi dan mengarah pada oligopsoni ketat; dua pembeli terbesar menguasai 87,97% volume penyerapan kemiri. Margin pemasaran bervariasi dari Rp21.800/kg sampai Rp34.800/kg, sedangkan farmer’s share berkisar antara 42% dan 54%. Saluran IV menjadi saluran paling menguntungkan secara indikatif bagi petani karena memiliki margin terendah dan farmer’s share tertinggi, tetapi efisiensi belum dapat dinilai secara mutlak karena biaya pemasaran dan keuntungan bersih tiap lembaga belum dipisahkan. Temuan ini menegaskan perlunya penguatan kelembagaan petani, peningkatan kapasitas pascapanen, dan perluasan akses pasar untuk mengurangi ketergantungan pada sedikit pembeli dominan.

Candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus) is an economically important non-timber forest product for communities managing community forests, yet its contribution to farmer welfare depends on buyer structure, marketing-channel length, and the distribution of value added along the chain. This study analyzes buyer concentration, marketing margins, and farmers’ share in the community-based candlenut marketing system of Giri Madia Community Forest, West Lombok. A quantitative descriptive survey was conducted with 42 candlenut farmers and eight buyer/marketing actors identified through marketing-chain tracing. Data were analyzed using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), marketing margins based on peeled-candlenut equivalent prices, and farmers’ share. The results show four marketing channels differentiated by the number of intermediaries, market destination, and postharvest value-adding functions. The HHI value of 3,931 indicates a highly concentrated buyer market tending toward tight oligopsony; the two largest buyers controlled 87.97% of the total purchased volume. Marketing margins ranged from IDR 21,800/kg to IDR 34,800/kg, while farmers’ share ranged from 42% to 54%. Channel IV was indicatively the most favorable channel for farmers because it had the lowest marketing margin and the highest farmers’ share. However, marketing efficiency should not be interpreted as absolute because marketing costs and net profits of each actor were not separately estimated. The findings highlight the need to strengthen farmer institutions, improve postharvest capacity, and expand market access to reduce dependency on a small number of dominant buyers.