Negosiasi Identitas Kewarganegaraan: Reintegrasi Sosial Mantan Narapidana dalam Bayang-Bayang Sanksi Sosial

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji negosiasi identitas kewarganegaraan mantan narapidana dalam proses reintegrasi sosial yang kerap dibayangi stigma dan sanksi sosial pascapemidanaan. Dengan pendekatan kualitatif berparadigma konstruktivis, studi ini dilaksanakan di Sulawesi Selatan dan Sulawesi Barat menggunakan rancangan studi kasus. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi partisipatif terbatas, dan dokumentasi terhadap 25 partisipan dengan variasi usia, jenis kelamin, jenis tindak pidana, serta latar sosial-ekonomi. Analisis tematik digunakan untuk menggali pengalaman subjektif, makna, dan strategi adaptif dalam upaya memperoleh kembali pengakuan sebagai warga negara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa identitas kewarganegaraan tidak otomatis pulih setelah menjalani hukuman formal, melainkan harus dinegosiasikan dalam ruang sosial yang sarat stigma. Forum keagamaan dan aktivitas berbasis komunitas terbukti menjadi arena penting afirmasi identitas, memberikan legitimasi moral lebih cepat dibandingkan pengakuan formal negara. Dukungan keluarga, tokoh agama, dan lembaga pemasyarakatan berperan signifikan, namun tidak sepenuhnya menghapus sanksi sosial yang laten dan berulang. Proses negosiasi melibatkan pembentukan makna baru, strategi adaptasi, serta perjuangan merebut kembali hak partisipasi sipil. Penelitian ini memperluas literatur kewarganegaraan kritis di Indonesia dengan menekankan dimensi sosial-kultural dan pengalaman subjektif yang sebelumnya terabaikan. Temuan ini juga memberikan landasan praktis bagi perumusan kebijakan reintegrasi yang lebih inklusif, adil, dan berbasis dukungan lintas sektor bagi mantan narapidana.

Negotiating Citizenship Identity: Social Reintegration of Former Prisoners under the Shadow of Social Sanctions

Abstract

This study examines the negotiation of citizenship identity among former prisoners in the process of social reintegration, which remains overshadowed by stigma and persistent social sanctions after incarceration. Using a qualitative approach within a constructivist paradigm, the research was conducted in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi through a case study design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, limited participant observation, and documentation involving 25 participants with diverse ages, genders, types of offenses, and socio-economic backgrounds. Thematic analysis was employed to explore subjective experiences, meanings, and adaptive strategies in regaining recognition as citizens. The findings indicate that citizenship identity is not automatically restored after completing formal punishment but must be continuously negotiated within social spaces laden with stigma. Religious forums and community-based activities emerged as significant arenas of identity affirmation, granting moral legitimacy more rapidly than formal recognition by the state. Although support from families, religious leaders, and correctional institutions plays an important role, it does not fully eliminate latent and recurring social sanctions. The negotiation process involves constructing new meanings, adopting adaptive strategies, and struggling to reclaim equal civic participation. This study contributes to critical citizenship literature in Indonesia by highlighting socio-cultural dimensions and subjective experiences often overlooked in previous research. Practically, the findings provide a foundation for developing reintegration policies that are more inclusive, equitable, and grounded in cross-sectoral support for former prisoners.