Hubungan Antar Pengelolaan Lahan dan Tingkat Keanekaragaman Hayati Nusa Tenggara Barat

Abstract

Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) memiliki 70-80% wilayah berupa lahan kering dengan curah hujan tahunan 1.000-1.500 mm dan musim kemarau panjang (6-8 bulan). Kondisi ini menciptakan ekosistem lahan kering yang unik dengan keanekaragaman hayati tinggi namun rentan terhadap degradasi lahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi keragaman flora dan fauna di wilayah lahan kering NTB serta mengkaji tantangan dan strategi pengelolaan lahan berkelanjutan. Metode penelitian ini adalah studi survei tinjauan jurnal sistematis atau literature review yang bersifat deskriptif-analitik dengan fokus pada keanekaragaman hayati lahan kering dan pengelolaan lahan berkelanjutan di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan 87 spesies flora dari 45 famili, didominasi spesies tahan kekeringan seperti lontar (Borassus flabellifer), gebang (Corypha utan), asam jawa (Tamarindus indica), dan berbagai legum penutup tanah. Keragaman fauna mencakup mamalia (rusa timor, monyet ekor panjang), burung, reptil, hingga serangga penyerbuk dan pengurai. Kemarau panjang menyebabkan krisis air bersih, gagal panen, peningkatan serangan hama, kebakaran lahan, dan ancaman kesehatan masyarakat. Degradasi lahan >400.000 ha (2020) diperparah oleh praktik pertanian tidak berkelanjutan dan perubahan iklim. Pengelolaan lahan berkelanjutan memerlukan integrasi konservasi tanah-air, diversifikasi tanaman tahan kekeringan, agroforestri, pemberdayaan varietas lokal, dan penguatan kawasan konservasi laut dan darat. Keanekaragaman hayati lahan kering NTB merupakan aset strategis untuk ketahanan pangan, pendapatan masyarakat, dan identitas budaya yang harus dilindungi melalui pendekatan ekologis, ekonomis, dan sosial-budaya terintegrasi.

The Relationship Between Land Management and Biodiversity Levels in West Nusa Tenggara

Abstract

West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) covers 70-80% of its territory, consisting of drylands, with annual rainfall of 1,000-1,500 mm and a long dry season (6-8 months). These conditions create a unique dryland ecosystem with high biodiversity but are vulnerable to land degradation. This research aims to identify the diversity of flora and fauna in the dryland areas of NTB and to examine the challenges and strategies for sustainable land management. This research method is a systematic journal review survey study or literature review which is descriptive-analytical in nature with a focus on dryland biodiversity and sustainable land management in West Nusa Tenggara Province. The study revealed 87 floral species from 45 families, dominated by drought-tolerant species such as the lontar palm (Borassus flabellifer), gebang (Corypha utan), tamarind (Tamarindus indica), and various groundcover legumes. Fauna diversity includes mammals (Timor deer, long-tailed macaques), birds, reptiles, and even pollinating and decomposing insects. Fauna diversity includes mammals (Timor deer, long-tailed macaques), birds, reptiles, and even pollinating and decomposing insects. Prolonged droughts have led to clean water shortages, crop failures, increased pest infestations, land fires, and public health threats. Land degradation of >400,000 ha (2020) is exacerbated by unsustainable agricultural practices and climate change. Sustainable land management requires the integration of soil-water conservation, drought-resistant crop diversification, agroforestry, the empowerment of local varieties, and the strengthening of marine and terrestrial conservation areas. The biodiversity of NTB's drylands is a strategic asset for food security, community income, and cultural identity that must be protected through an integrated ecological, economic, and socio-cultural approach.