Studi in Vitro Uji Sitotoksisitas Gel Asap Cair Tempurung Kelapa terhadap Sel Ligamen Periodontal sebagai Bahan Perawatan Saluran Akar dengan Metode MTT Assay
Downloads
How to Cite
Gel asap cair tempurung kelapa merupakan produk turunan biomassa alami hasil pirolisis tempurung kelapa yang mengandung senyawa fenolik, asam organik, dan karbonil, sehingga berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai alternatif bahan irigasi saluran akar. Namun, informasi mengenai biokompatibilitas gel asap cair tempurung kelapa terhadap jaringan periodontal masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi sitotoksisitas gel asap cair tempurung kelapa (CS-LS) terhadap sel ligamen periodontal (PDL cells) menggunakan metode MTT assay. Penelitian eksperimental in vitro ini melibatkan tujuh kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kontrol media, kontrol sel, kontrol positif NaOCl 5,25%, serta gel CS-LS pada konsentrasi 6,25%; 12,5%; 50%; 75%; dan 100%, masing-masing dengan lima replikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelompok kontrol media memiliki rerata nilai absorbansi sebesar 0,3878 ± 0,0053, kontrol sel sebesar 1,4226 ± 0,1390, dan kontrol positif NaOCl 5,25% sebesar 0,3912 ± 0,0098. Pada kelompok perlakuan gel CS-LS, konsentrasi 6,25% menunjukkan rerata absorbansi sebesar 1,0854 ± 0,1388, konsentrasi 12,5% sebesar 0,7148 ± 0,1201, konsentrasi 50% sebesar 0,4406 ± 0,0068, konsentrasi 75% sebesar 0,4544 ± 0,0133, dan konsentrasi 100% sebesar 0,4610 ± 0,0122. Analisis statistik menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna antar kelompok perlakuan (p < 0,05). Gel CS-LS konsentrasi 6,25% mempertahankan viabilitas sel tertinggi dan tergolong tidak sitotoksik berdasarkan kriteria ISO (viabilitas ≥ 70% menurut ISO 10993-5), sedangkan peningkatan konsentrasi menyebabkan penurunan viabilitas sel secara bertahap dan bersifat dosis-dependen. Disimpulkan bahwa gel asap cair tempurung kelapa pada konsentrasi rendah memiliki biokompatibilitas yang baik terhadap sel ligamen periodontal dan berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai alternatif bahan irigasi saluran akar, sementara peningkatan konsentrasi menunjukkan efek sitotoksik.
In Vitro Study of Cytotoxicity Test of Liquid Coconut Shell Smoke Gel on Periodontal Ligament Cells as Root Canal Treatment Material Using MTT Assay Method
Abstract
Coconut shell liquid smoke gel is a natural biomass-derived product obtained through the pyrolysis of coconut shells and contains phenolic compounds, organic acids, and carbonyls, making it a potential alternative root canal irrigant. However, information regarding the biocompatibility of coconut shell liquid smoke gel with periodontal tissues remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of coconut shell liquid smoke gel (CS-LS) on periodontal ligament (PDL) cells using the MTT assay. This in vitro experimental study involved seven treatment groups, namely media control, cell control, positive control (5.25% sodium hypochlorite), and CS-LS gel at concentrations of 6.25%, 12.5%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, with five replicates in each group. The results showed that the media control group exhibited a mean absorbance value of 0.3878 ± 0.0053, the cell control group 1.4226 ± 0.1390, and the positive control group (5.25% sodium hypochlorite) 0.3912 ± 0.0098. In the CS-LS treatment groups, mean absorbance values were 1.0854 ± 0.1388 at 6.25%, 0.7148 ± 0.1201 at 12.5%, 0.4406 ± 0.0068 at 50%, 0.4544 ± 0.0133 at 75%, and 0.4610 ± 0.0122 at 100%. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences among treatment groups (p < 0.05). The CS-LS gel at a concentration of 6.25% maintained the highest cell viability and was classified as non-cytotoxic according to ISO criteria (viability ≥ 70%, based on ISO 10993-5), whereas increasing concentrations resulted in a gradual, dose-dependent reduction in cell viability. In conclusion, coconut shell liquid smoke gel at low concentrations demonstrates good biocompatibility with periodontal ligament cells and shows potential as an alternative root canal irrigant, while higher concentrations exhibit cytotoxic effects.
Ailincai, D., Bercea, M., Rosca, I., Sandu, I. A., & Marin, L. (2025). Antimicrobial chitosan-based hydrogels: A novel approach to obtain sanitizers. Carbohydrate Polymers, 354(January), 123288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123288
Alghamdi, F., & Shakir, M. (2020). The Influence of Enterococcus faecalis as a Dental Root Canal Pathogen on Endodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 12(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7257
Anggrainy, H., & Firawati, F. (2025). Uji Aktivitas Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Daun Keladi Tikus (Typhonium divaricatum (L). Dence.) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal Kesehatan Qamarul Huda, 13(1), 30-34.
Ayu Fitria, V. (2025). Optimasi Carbopol 940 dan Trietanolamin dalam Formula Pasta Gigi Gel Ekstrak Daun Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Jambi).
Din, S. U., Ounjai, P., Chairoungdua, A., & Surareungchai, W. (2024). CO2-Free On-Stage Incubator for Live Cell Imaging of Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Migration on Microfluidic Device. Methods and Protocols, 7(5), 69.
Drews, D. J., Nguyen, A. D., Diederich, A., & Gernhardt, C. R. (2023). The Interaction of Two Widely Used Endodontic Irrigants, Chlorhexidine and Sodium Hypochlorite, and Its Impact on the Disinfection Protocol during Root Canal Treatment. Antibiotics, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030589
Jimenez-Bueno, I., Garcia-Contreras, R., Aranda-Herrera, B., Sakagami, H., Lopez-Ayuso, C. A., Nakajima, H., Jurado, C. A., & Nurrohman, H. (2023). Cytotoxicity, Differentiation, and Biocompatibility of Root-End Filling: A Comprehensive Study. Biomimetics, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070514
Kardaras, G., Rusu, D., & Coricovac, D. (2023). In-Vitro Safety Evaluation of Sodium Hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) as Part of Step 2 and Maintenance Therapy Protocols in. 103–112. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.ohpd.b4009557
Lumban Tobing, R. D. D. M., Defiani, M. R., & Susun Parwanayoni, N. M. (2021). Uji Daya Hambat Asap Cair Tempurung Kelapa (Cocos nucifera L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Escherichia coli Secara In Vitro. Simbiosis, 9(2), 81. https://doi.org/10.24843/jsimbiosis.2021.v09.i02.p03
Małysa, A., Jenˇ, J., & We, J. (2025). Biocompatibility of CAD / CAM Milled Dental Restorative Materials : A Systematic Review from In Vitro Studies. 1–30.
Maru, V., Dixit, U., Patil, R. S. B., & Parekh, R. (2021). Cytotoxicity and bioactivity of mineral trioxide aggregate and bioactive endodontic type cements: A systematic review. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 14(1), 30–39. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1880
Mulyawanti, I., Kailaku, S. I., Syah, A. N. A., & Risfaheri. (2019). Chemical identification of coconut shell liquid smoke. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 309(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/309/1/012020
Pedrinha, V. (2024). Effects of natural antimicrobial compounds propolis and copaiba on periodontal ligament fibroblasts, molecular docking, and in vivo study in Galleria mellonella. Biomed Pharmacother .
Putri, W. E., & Anindhita, M. A. (2022). Optimization of cardamom fruit ethanol extract gel with combination of HPMC and Sodium Alginate as the gelling agent using Simplex Lattice Design. Scientific Journal of Pharmacy, 107–120.
Selin, E., Mandava, G., Vilcu, A. L., Oskarsson, A., & Lundqvist, J. (2022). An in vitro-based hazard assessment of liquid smoke food flavourings. Archives of Toxicology, 96(2), 601–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-03190-1
Setiawan, L. N., Li, W., & Kartika, D. C. (2025). Studi in-vitro uji stabilitas dan efektivitas gel asap cair tempurung kelapa terhadap Candida albicans dan Enterococcus faecalis pada saluran akar gigi. COMSERVA: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat, 4(10), 251-266. ISSN 2798-5210 (e- ISSN); 2798-5652 (p-ISSN).
Setiawan, L. N., Avrillia, R., & Pradipta, T. (2025). In- vitro study on the effectiveness of coconut shell liquid smoke gel on cleaning smear layer and debris in root canal treatment. Journal Research of Social Science, Management and Economic.
Sobieszczański, J., Mertowski, S., Sarna-Boś, K., Stachurski, P., Grywalska, E., & Chałas, R. (2023). Root Canal Infection and Its Impact on the Oral Cavity Microenvironment in the Context of Immune System Disorders in Selected Diseases: A Narrative Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12124102
Surboyo, M. D. C., Mahdani, F. Y., Ayuningtas, N. F., Santosh, A. B. R., Ernawati, D. S., Mansur, D., Arundina, I., Nagoro, A. A. B., & Rahmadhany, I. P. (2021). The cytotoxicity, anti-inflammation, anti-nociceptive and oral ulcer healing properties of coconut shell liquid smoke. Journal of HerbMed Pharmacology, 10(4), 459–467. https://doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2021.53
Stindlova, M., Peroutka, V., Jencova, V., Havlickova, K., & Lencova, S. (2024). Application of MTT assay for probing metabolic activity in bacterial biofilm-forming cells on nanofibrous materials. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 224, 107010.
Taufik, M. I., & Zebua, N. F. (2023). Literature Review: Efek Farmakologi Asap Cair. Forte Journal, 3(2), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.51771/fj.v3i2.519
Wen, S., et al. (2024). Dental stem cell dynamics in periodontal ligament regeneration: from mechanism to application. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 15(1), 124. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-024-04003-9
Youssef, A.R., Elsherief, S., 2021. Evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of a new Harvard MTA compared to MTA Flow and ProRoot MTA on human gingival fibroblasts. Saudi Dent. J. 33, 679–686.
Zhao, Z., Chen, L., Zhu, S., Yu, H., Chen, Y., Song, J., Liu, Y., & He, D. (2025). Periodontal ligament stem cells in tissue remodeling: from mechanical forces to inflammatory signals. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 16, 653.
Copyright (c) 2026 Linda Novelgia Setiawan, Roselyn Avrillia, Sonia Salsabila Pohan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Empiricism Journal agree to the following terms:
- For all articles published in Empiricism Journal, copyright is retained by the authors. Authors give permission to the publisher to announce the work with conditions. When the manuscript is accepted for publication, the authors agrees to implement a non-exclusive transfer of publishing rights to the journals.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
