Hak-Hak Perempuan Pascaperceraian (Studi Komparatif Negara Indonesia, Malaysia)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36312/npn7zg05Keywords:
Hak-Hak Perempuan, Pascaperceraian, Indonesia-MalaysiaAbstract
Perceraian tidak hanya berimplikasi pada putusnya hubungan perkawinan, tetapi juga menimbulkan persoalan serius terkait pemenuhan hak-hak perempuan dan anak pascaperceraian. Dalam praktiknya, masih terdapat kesenjangan antara norma hukum dan implementasi pemenuhan hak perempuan, khususnya dalam aspek nafkah pascaperceraian, hak asuh anak, dan pembagian harta bersama. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis secara komparatif pengaturan dan pelaksanaan hak-hak perempuan pascaperceraian di Indonesia dan Malaysia, dengan menyoroti perbedaan sistem hukum serta tantangan implementatif yang dihadapi di kedua negara. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan perbandingan hukum, melalui kajian terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan, putusan pengadilan, dan literatur hukum keluarga Islam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di Indonesia, pemenuhan hak perempuan pascaperceraian diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI), namun masih menghadapi kendala dalam aspek eksekusi putusan, khususnya terkait nafkah dan hak ekonomi perempuan. Sementara itu, Malaysia memiliki mekanisme penegakan yang relatif lebih tegas dan terstruktur melalui Mahkamah Syariah, meskipun tetap menghadapi tantangan sosial dan administratif.
Women's Rights After Divorce (Comparative Study of Indonesia and Malaysia)
Abstract
Divorce not only results in the dissolution of a marriage but also raises serious issues related to the fulfillment of women's and children's rights after the divorce. In practice, there is still a gap between legal norms and the implementation of women's rights, particularly regarding post-divorce support, child custody, and the division of joint property. This article aims to comparatively analyze the regulation and implementation of women's rights after divorce in Indonesia and Malaysia, highlighting the differences in legal systems and the implementation challenges faced in both countries. This research uses a normative juridical method with a statutory and comparative legal approach, through a review of legislation, court decisions, and Islamic family law literature. The results show that in Indonesia, the fulfillment of women's rights after divorce is regulated by Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), but still faces obstacles in the implementation of decisions, particularly regarding support and women's economic rights. Meanwhile, Malaysia has a relatively firmer and more structured enforcement mechanism through the Sharia Court, although it still faces social and administrative challenges.
Downloads
References
Adnan, W. and Buang, A. (2021). Pelaksanaan Sulh Dalam Kes Tuntutan Harta Sepencarian Melibatkan Hartanah Di Mahkamah Syariah Malaysia: SATU ANALISIS. Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law, 9(1), 137-152. https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol9no1.270
Afifah, A., Qudsi, A., & Firdausiyah, V. (2025). Faktor Ekonomi Dalam Penentuan Nafkah Pasca Perceraian Menurut Hukum Islam (Studi Putusan PA. Probolinggo No. 312/Pdt.G/2023). Qistina Jurnal Multidisiplin Indonesia, 4(1), 1458-1467. https://doi.org/10.57235/qistina.v4i1.6607
Ahmad, M. Y., Jamsari, E. A., Safiai, M. H., Noor, N. A. M., Abdullah, M. M., & Ashari, M. Z. A. H. (2024). The Significance of Children’s Needs in the Division of Harta Sepencarian (Matrimonial Property) in Malaysian Syariah Courts. International Journal of Religion, 5(10), 3882-3890. https://doi.org/10.61707/3n6z5k32
Anggreani, L. (2020). Konstruksi Sosial Terhadap Perempuan Dalam Hukum Keluarga Islam (Analisis Gender). At-Turost Journal of Islamic Studies, 6(2), 206-221. https://doi.org/10.52491/at.v6i2.47
Anwar, A. (2021). Progresivitas Hakim dalam Menentukan Beban Akibat Perceraian Bagi Suami Kepada Istri Pasca Perceraian. Al-Ahkam Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah Dan Hukum, 6(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.22515/alahkam.v6i1.2952
Arifin, J. (2016). Perlindungan hukum terhadap hak-hak perempuan pascaperceraian dalam hukum keluarga Islam. Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 9(2), 201–220.
Aurellia, M. and Halim, A. (2023). Urgensi Pembentukan Lembaga Eksekutor Terhadap Pemenuhan Hak Perempuan Dan Anak Pasca Perceraian. Jurnal Usm Law Review, 6(2), 752-765. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v6i2.7270
Aziz, A., Nugraha, I., & Hakim, L. (2024). Post-Divorce Maintenance in Contemporary Islamic Family Law: An Empirical Study of Judges' Considerations at the East Jakarta Religious Court. Legitima Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 7(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.33367/legitima.v7i1.6429
Bakar, M., Ramli, N., Zaghloul, S., Ahmed, A., Abous, M., & Thahir, M. (2021). Isu Tuntutan Harta Intelek Sebagai Harta Sepencarian:Analisis Kritis dari Perspektif Syariah dan Undang-Undang. Journal of Fatwa Management and Research, 24(2), 60-87. https://doi.org/10.33102/jfatwa.vol24no2.350
Basri, R. and Rukiah, R. (2020). Kontekstualisasi Maqaashidu Al-Syariah terhadap Penerapan Hak Ex Officio Hakim. Al-Maiyyah Media Transformasi Gender Dalam Paradigma Sosial Keagamaan, 13(1), 90-105. https://doi.org/10.35905/al-maiyyah.v13i1.710
Basyir, A. A. (1989). Hukum perkawinan Islam disertai perbandingan dengan Undang-Undang Perkawinan Nomor 1 Tahun 1974. Gadjah Mada University Press.
Cahyani, A., Widodo, M., & Musthofa, M. (2024). Pelaksanaan Hak Ex Officio Hakim Atas Nafkah Iddah, Mut’ah, Hadlonah dan Madhiyah dalam Perkara Cerai Gugat Ditinjau dari Perma Nomor 3 Tahun 2017. Mandub, 2(3), 226-246. https://doi.org/10.59059/mandub.v2i3.1391
Cahyani, T. (2021). Pendampingan Hukum Terkait Hak Asuh Anak (Hadhanah) di Klinik Keluarga Sakinah Pimpinan Daerah ‘Aisyiyah Kota Malang. Jurnal Dedikasi Hukum, 1(3), 329-339. https://doi.org/10.22219/jdh.v1i3.18148
Coulson, N. J. (1971). A history of Islamic law. Edinburgh University Press.
Dahlan, A. (2023). Women’s Post-Divorce Rights in Malaysian and Indonesian’s Court Decisions. Ahkam Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v23i1.27967
Dharmawan, I. and Wijayanto, E. (2023). Gugatan Nafkah Madliyah dalam Perkara Cerai Gugat : Studi Kasus Perkara Nomor 744/Pdt.G/2020/PA.Btl. Jurnal Studi Hukum Islam, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.30651/mqsd.v12i2.19520
Fakhria, S. (2018). Cerai gugat dan implikasinya terhadap hak-hak finansial perempuan.
Farahin, M. and Muda, M. (2022). The Status Hak Cipta sebagai Harta Sepencarian menurut Perspektif Perundangan Syariah. Kanun Jurnal Undang-Undang Malaysia, 34(1), 23-44. https://doi.org/10.37052/kanun.34(1)no2
Fitrianoor, W. (2025). Analisis Putusan Hakim Dalam Penetapan Nafkah Iddah: Studi Kasus Pengadilan Agama Kota Banjarbaru. Maqashiduna Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 3(1), 79-102. https://doi.org/10.47732/maqashiduna.v3i1.758
Gausia, A. and Rochim, F. (2023). Implementasi Kebijakan Direktorat Jenderal Badan Peradilan Agama Mahkamah Agung RI Tentang Pemenuhan Hak Anak Dan Perempuan Pasca Perceraian Di Pengadilan Agama. ILJS, 8(01), 23-39. https://doi.org/10.53429/iljs.v8i01.626
Habsyi, M. B. A. (2005). Fiqh praktis menurut Al-Qur’an, As-Sunnah, dan pendapat para ulama. Mizan.
Hadiyanto, I. (2024). Perlindungan Hukum Dalam Perkara Perceraian Dan Gugatan Harta Bersama. mimbarintegritas, 3(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.36841/mimbarintegritas.v3i1.4017
Halim, S., Desminar, D., & Palapa, D. (2022). Tinjauan Hukum Islam Terhadap Pelaksanaan Hak Asuh Anak dalam Etnis Tapanuli di Kecamatan Panti Kabupaten Pasaman. Jurnal Kajian Dan Pengembangan Umat, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.31869/jkpu.v5i2.3660
Harry, M., Saifullah, S., Jundiani, J., & Fajarani, M. (2024). Examining the Provision of Legal and Religious Education to Islamic Families to Safeguard the Rights and Well-Being of Women and Children: A Case Study Conducted in Malang Regency, East Java. Samarah Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 8(3), 1526. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v8i3.19566
Hasbullah, M., Jamaludin, N., & Arshat, Z. (2023). Legal Socialization and Compliance to the Islamic Family Law on Maintenance among Muslims in Selangor, Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(11). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i11/19403
Hasibuan, H. (2024). Kepastian Hukum dalam Putusan Hakim: Studi Terhadap Inkonsistensi Yurisprudensi Mahkamah Agung. YUDHISTIRA, 2(3), 76-84. https://doi.org/10.59966/yudhistira.v2i3.1670
Hermansyah, H. (2024). Interpretasi Asas Mempersulit Perceraian Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam. As-Syar I Jurnal Bimbingan & Konseling Keluarga, 6(1), 1110-1121. https://doi.org/10.47467/as.v6i1.6307
Hidayatullah, M., Khalid, H., & Djanggih, H. (2025). Criminalization of Marijuana Plants in Indonesia. qawaninjih, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.56087/qawaninjih.v5i2.566
Hooker, M. B. (2008). Indonesian Syariah: Defining a national school of Islamic law. ISEAS Publishing.
Ilyas, A., Prasetio, D., & Bakker, F. (2021). Membangun Moralitas Dan Hukum Sebagai Integrative Mechanism Di Masyarakat Dalam Perspektif Hukum Progresif. Mimbar Keadilan, 14(2), 128-138. https://doi.org/10.30996/mk.v14i2.4694
Ismail, M. and Rashid, S. (2024). Pemberhentian Pembayaran Nafkah Anak Melalui Perintah Pembatalan Di Mahkamah Syariah. J. Muwafaqat, 7(2), 28-40. https://doi.org/10.53840/muwafaqat.v7i2.178
Ismail, M. and Sulong, J. (2020). Enforcement Child-Maintenance Payment Using Judgement Debtor Summons and Judicial Notice: A Penang Case Study. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v10-i7/7408
Izzah, N. (2022). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Perempuan Tentang Harta Bersama. Jurnal Sosial Dan Sains, 2(6), 690-705. https://doi.org/10.36418/sosains.v2i6.408
Jibril, M., Inggarwati, M., Pratama, I., Legowo, A., & Jordi, M. (2023). Jurisprudence as a Source of Law in Indonesia: Lessons from the Common Law. Jurnal Jurisprudence, 130-146. https://doi.org/10.23917/jurisprudence.v13i1.1967
Kasim, F., Nurdin, A., Muthalib, S., Syarifuddin, S., & Samad, M. (2022). The Protection of Women and Children Post-Divorce in Sharia Courts in Aceh: A Sociological Perspective. Ahkam Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v22i2.28747
KHI. (1991). Instruksi Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 1 Tahun 1991 tentang Kompilasi Hukum Islam.
Mahmood, T. (1987). Personal law in Islamic countries. Time Press.
Mahmood, T. (1996). Family law reform in the Muslim world. Islamic Research Institute.
Mansu, M. and Nasohah, Z. (2022). Committal Order Claims in The Execution of Maintenance Orders: A Study From The Perspective of Civil Procedure Law. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i7/13994
Melo, C. (2023). Em busca dos recursos perdidos – a saga dos precatórios do Fundef. RMPC-PA, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.52028/mpcpa01-art02
Mikhael, L. and Ginting, R. (2022). Perbandingan Hukum Pengaturan Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang Di Indonesia Dan Singapura. REC, 11(2), 123. https://doi.org/10.20961/recidive.v11i2.67446
Nasution, K. (2013). Hukum perkawinan dan keluarga Islam kontemporer. Academia + Tazzafa.
Nasution, K., & Rahman, F. (2022). Tentang wanita.
Novalia, S. and Hakim, A. (2024). Melindungi Hak Perempuan dan Anak Pasca Perceraian: Perspektif Hukum Islam dan Hukum Positif Indonesia. Jurnal Mediasas Media Ilmu Syari Ah Dan Ahwal Al-Syakhsiyyah, 7(2), 639-655. https://doi.org/10.58824/mediasas.v7i2.219
Pamudi, T. (2024). Penjaminan Hak-Hak Istri dan Anak Pasca Perceraian dalam Hukum Keluarga Islam: Studi Komparatif Antara Indonesia dan Malaysia. Moderasi Journal of Islamic Studies, 4(2), 178-193. https://doi.org/10.54471/moderasi.v4i2.73
Pasinian, S., Yusmad, M., & Assaad, A. (2023). Judge's Ex Officio Rights To A Fair Verstek Divorce Decision At The Palopo Religious Court. Al-Risalah Jurnal Ilmu Syariah Dan Hukum, 253-267. https://doi.org/10.24252/al-risalah.vi.43697
Pasla, J. and Akbarizan, A. (2025). Kepastian Pemenuhan Hak-Hak Perempuan dan Anak Pasca Perceraian di Indonesia dan Malaysia. Hamalatul Qur an Jurnal Ilmu Ilmu Alqur An, 5(2), 899-911. https://doi.org/10.37985/hq.v5i2.400
Paslan, N. and Othman, M. (2021). Cognitive Behavior Therapy Approach For Adjustment Of Post-Divorce Women. International Journal of Education Psychology and Counseling, 6(44), 222-231. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijepc.644017
Putri, D. and Izzuddin, A. (2022). Pertimbangan Hakim Pengadilan Agama Singaraja Dalam Penetapan Nafkah ‘Iddah, Nafkah Mut’ah Dan Eksekusinya Pada Putusan Verstek Cerai Gugat. Sakina, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.18860/jfs.v7i1.2518
Putri, N. (2024). Hak-Hak Perempuan Pasca Perceraian Dalam Perundang-Undangan Negara Muslim (Indonesia, Malaysia, Mesir, Dan Turki). Pro Patria Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Hukum Sosial Dan Politik, 7(1), 66-77. https://doi.org/10.47080/propatria.v7i1.3160
Rahmad, N. and Hafis, W. (2021). Hukum Progresif Dan Relevansinya Pada Penalaran Hukum Di Indonesia. El-Ahli Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 1(2), 34-50. https://doi.org/10.56874/el-ahli.v1i2.133
Rahmani, I., Akbarizan, A., & Munir, A. (2025). Perbandingan Pengaturan Hadhanah di Indonesia dan Malaysia dalam Perspektif Hukum Keluarga Islam. Jurnal Riset Hukum Keluarga Islam, 71-78. https://doi.org/10.29313/jrhki.v5i1.7243
Ramadani, S., Danil, E., Sabri, F., & Zurnetti, A. (2021). Criminal law politics on regulation of criminal actions in Indonesia. Linguistics and Culture Review, 5(S1). https://doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns1.1651
Rohman, K., rosidah, Z., & Sabiq, F. (2023). Implementasi Perma Nomor 5 Tahun 2016 Tentang Sertifikasi Hakim Ekonomi Syariah Terhadap Penanganan Perkara Di Pengadilan Agama Sukoharjo. El-Iqthisadi Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah Fakultas Syariah Dan Hukum, 34-45. https://doi.org/10.24252/el-iqthisady.vi.35621
Rois, M. and Pebruary, S. (2023). ANALISIS KINERJA REKSADANA SAHAM SYARIAH INDONESIA DAN MALAYSIA. Journal of Accounting and Finance, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.31942/jafin.v2i2.9579
Ruzmi, S. (2025). pemerkasaan bahagian sokongan keluarga jabatan kehakiman syariah negeri selangor mengikut undang-undang syariah di malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law, 13(2), 428-444. https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol13no2.724
Ruzmi, S., Halim, A., & Hashim, F. (2025). Pelaksanaan dan Penguatkuasaan Perintah Nafkah Tertunggak oleh Bahagian Sokongan Keluarga: Satu Sorotan Literatur. ‘Abqari Journal, 32(1), 88-106. https://doi.org/10.33102/abqari.vol32no1.630
Sahari, N., Manan, S., Saidon, R., & Ishak, A. (2022). Facilitating the Division of Matrimonial Property (Harta Sepencarian) through Hibah in Malaysian Shariah Court. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(1), 20-26. https://doi.org/10.26666/rmp.ijbm.2022.1.4
Saidon, R., Ismail, M., Ismail, A., Bahari, N., & Haron, N. (2023). Philanthropy and Legal Aid: A Case Study. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(7). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i7/17805
Saleh, M., Kurniadinata, A., & Lestari, T. (2020). Peran Hakim dalam Menetapkan Wajib Nafkah Kepada Suami dalam Perkara Perceraian Di Pengadilan Agama Stabat (Nomor Perkara : 1696/Pdt.G/2019/PA Stb, tanggal 14 November 2019). Action Research Literate, 4(1), 49-61. https://doi.org/10.46799/arl.v4i1.77
Sebtiningdiyah, P. (2022). Judges' Considerations in Determining Mut'ah and Nafkah 'Iddah (Case Study at Gresik Religious Court). IJIL, 5(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.35719/ijil.v5i1.445
Sholikhah, A. and Jamilah, J. (2023). Judge’s Consideration of Post-Divorce Rights (‘Iddah and Mut’ah) from The Perspective of Maslahah Mursalah. Sakina, 7(1), 111-123. https://doi.org/10.18860/jfs.v7i2.3780
Sulistiani, S. and Nurrachmi, I. (2021). Hak Finansial Perempuan Dalam Keluarga Menurut Hukum Keluarga Islam Di Indonesia. Musãwa Jurnal Studi Gender Dan Islam, 20(2), 175-185. https://doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2021.202.175-185
Summa, M. A. (2005). Hukum keluarga Islam di dunia Islam. PT RajaGrafindo Persada.
Susylawati, E. (2020). The Judge Principle Is Active In Case of Divorce In Madura District Religious Court. Al-Ihkam Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial, 14(2), 267-282. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v14i2.2435
Syarifuddin, A. (2006). Hukum perkawinan Islam di Indonesia: Antara fiqh munakahat dan Undang-undang perkawinan. Kencana.
Tanjung, A. and Ziaulhaq, W. (2022). Analisis Terhadap Hukum Positif Dan Fiqih Pada Perkawinan Siri Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kepemilikan Harta Kekayaan. Sosmaniora Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 1(1), 62-66. https://doi.org/10.55123/sosmaniora.v1i1.207
Tarantang, J., Khosyi’ah, S., & Saepullah, U. (2023). FILOSOFI ‘Illat HUKUM DAN MAQASHID SYARIAH DALAM PERKAWINAN BEDA AGAMA. Jurnal Studi Agama Dan Masyarakat, 19(1), 44-55. https://doi.org/10.23971/jsam.v19i1.6318
Ulya, Z. and Endriyanti, E. (2023). Protection of Women's Rights After Divorce in Divorce Lawsuit at the Padang Panjang Religious Court. Humanisma Journal of Gender Studies, 7(2), 156. https://doi.org/10.30983/humanisme.v7i2.8012
Utama, D., Pujiastuti, E., & Septiandani, D. (2023). Penerbitan Kartu Keluarga Bagi Pasangan Nikah Siri Dan Akibat Hukumnya Terhadap Para Pihak. Jurnal Usm Law Review, 5(2), 819-831. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v5i2.5922
Utomo, H., Absori, A., Suvirat, K., Dimyati, K., Wardiono, K., & Rochman, S. (2023). Comparison Of Legal Reasoning Models In Consideration Of Decision No. 064/G/2014/PTUN SMG, NO. 135/B/2015/PT.TUN.SBY, And No. 99/PK/TUN/2016 In The Case Of Pt Semen Gresik (Persero) Tbk Environmental Permit In Rembang Regency, Central Java. Jurnal Jurisprudence, 13(1), 59-78. https://doi.org/10.23917/jurisprudence.v13i1.1707
Wicaksono, A. and Ashari, W. (2024). Analisis Perlindungan Islam Terhadap Perempuan Korban Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga dalam Tinjauan Maqashid Syariah. Rayah Al-Islam, 8(3), 888-904. https://doi.org/10.37274/rais.v8i3.1027
Widyakso, R. and Wiryani, F. (2021). Analisis Pelaksanaan Putusan Peradilan Agama Terhadap Nafkah Perceraian Dalam Prespektif Hukum Nasional Dan Hukum Islam Bagi PNS. Audito Comparative Law Journal (Aclj), 2(2), 86-109. https://doi.org/10.22219/aclj.v2i2.16492
Yuliani, R. (2023). Peran Pengadilan Agama Marabahan Untuk Menjamin Hak Istri Pada Pelaksanaan Pembayaran Nafkah Iddah Dan Mut’ah Dalam Putusan Cerai Talak Verstek. IERJ, 1(3), 200-219. https://doi.org/10.62976/ierj.v1i3.401
Yusuf, N., Azizah, N., & Hasan, F. (2023). Feminism Analysis of Judges' Considerations for Post-Divorce Domestic Violence Victims in Medan and Banda Aceh Religious Courts. Al- Adalah, 20(2), 283. https://doi.org/10.24042/adalah.v20i2.16177
Zahrah, M. A. (1997). Al-ahwal al-syakhsiyyah. Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi.
Zein, S. E. M. (2019). Hak nafkah dan keadilan gender dalam putusan pengadilan agama. Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 13(1), 85–102.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Muazzam Khairi, Mutawali Mutawali, Muhammad Said Ghazali

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Empiricism Journal agree to the following terms:
- For all articles published in Empiricism Journal, copyright is retained by the authors. Authors give permission to the publisher to announce the work with conditions. When the manuscript is accepted for publication, the authors agrees to implement a non-exclusive transfer of publishing rights to the journals.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.