Agroekologi untuk Sistem Pangan Berkelanjutan
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Sistem pangan global saat ini menghadapi tekanan multidimensional yang semakin kompleks akibat interaksi krisis ekologis, sosial, ekonomi, dan politik. Perubahan iklim, degradasi lahan, hilangnya biodiversitas, serta ketimpangan dalam struktur ekonomi pangan telah meningkatkan kerentanan sistem produksi pangan di berbagai wilayah. Dalam konteks tersebut, agroekologi berkembang sebagai pendekatan alternatif yang menekankan integrasi antara prinsip ekologi, keberlanjutan sosial, dan penguatan ekonomi lokal dalam sistem pertanian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran agroekologi dalam transformasi sistem pangan berkelanjutan serta mengkaji relevansinya dengan praktik agraris lokal di Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan systematic literature review (SLR) dengan menganalisis berbagai publikasi ilmiah internasional, laporan lembaga global, serta literatur akademik yang relevan dengan agroekologi dan sistem pangan berkelanjutan. Analisis dilakukan melalui identifikasi tema-tema utama yang mencakup krisis sistem pangan global, prinsip dan kerangka teoretis agroekologi, perkembangan penelitian agroekologi, praktik agraris lokal Indonesia, serta hambatan implementasi agroekologi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa agroekologi memiliki potensi besar dalam meningkatkan resiliensi agroekosistem melalui diversifikasi produksi, efisiensi pemanfaatan sumber daya, serta penguatan kelembagaan komunitas. Praktik agraris lokal di Indonesia seperti agroforestri, kebun campur, subak, dan mina padi menunjukkan kesesuaian yang kuat dengan prinsip agroekologi dan berpotensi mendukung sistem pangan yang lebih berkelanjutan. Namun implementasi agroekologi secara luas masih menghadapi berbagai hambatan struktural, termasuk dominasi kebijakan pertanian berbasis input eksternal, lemahnya kelembagaan petani, serta keterbatasan akses teknologi dan pasar. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa agroekologi dapat menjadi kerangka konseptual penting dalam mentransformasi sistem pangan menuju model yang lebih resilien, adil, dan berkelanjutan melalui integrasi pengetahuan lokal, inovasi ilmiah, serta kebijakan publik yang inklusif.
Kata kunci: agroekolog; sistem pangan berkelanjutan; transformasi sistem pangan; pertanian berbasis biodiversitas.
ABSTRACT. The global food system is currently facing increasing multidimensional pressures resulting from the interaction of ecological, social, economic, and political crises. Climate change, land degradation, biodiversity loss, and structural inequalities in food distribution have intensified the vulnerability and instability of agricultural production systems worldwide. In this context, agroecology has emerged as an alternative approach that integrates ecological principles, social sustainability, and local economic empowerment in food production systems. This study aims to analyze the role of agroecology in transforming sustainable food systems and to examine its relevance to local agrarian practices in Indonesia. The research employs a systematic literature review (SLR) approach by analyzing international scientific publications, reports from global institutions, and academic literature related to agroecology and sustainable food systems. The analysis identifies key themes including the global food system crisis, theoretical frameworks of agroecology, trends in agroecological research, local agrarian practices in Indonesia, and structural barriers to agroecology implementation. The findings indicate that agroecology has significant potential to enhance agroecosystem resilience through biodiversity-based production systems, efficient resource use, and strengthened community institutions. Traditional agrarian practices in Indonesia—such as agroforestry, mixed gardens, the subak irrigation system, and rice–fish farming—demonstrate strong alignment with agroecological principles and offer important pathways for developing more sustainable food systems. However, the large-scale implementation of agroecology remains constrained by structural barriers, including policy frameworks that prioritize input-intensive agriculture, limited institutional support for smallholder farmers, and restricted access to technology and markets. This study highlights agroecology as a strategic conceptual framework for transforming food systems toward models that are more resilient, equitable, and environmentally sustainable through the integration of local knowledge, scientific innovation, and inclusive public policies.
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