Integrasi Smart Irrigation dan Sensor Tanah dalam Pertanian Presisi untuk Pengelolaan Air di Lahan Kering: Tinjauan Sistematis
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Keterbatasan sumber daya air dan meningkatnya variabilitas iklim menjadi tantangan utama dalam pengelolaan pertanian lahan kering. Penerapan smart irrigation dan sensor tanah berkembang sebagai bagian dari pertanian presisi untuk meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan air melalui pengelolaan irigasi berbasis data real-time. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas smart irrigation dalam meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan air, mengevaluasi peran sensor tanah dalam mendukung pengambilan keputusan irigasi, serta mengidentifikasi berbagai tantangan implementasi teknologi pada pertanian lahan kering. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan Systematic Literature Review (SLR) berdasarkan prinsip PRISMA dengan menganalisis 32 artikel peer-reviewed yang diperoleh dari database Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Springer, MDPI, dan ProQuest pada rentang tahun 2015-2026. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan smart irrigation secara umum mampu meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan air sebesar 20-50% dibandingkan sistem irigasi konvensional. Sensor tanah berperan penting dalam menyediakan data kelembapan tanah secara real-time sehingga mendukung sistem pengambilan keputusan irigasi yang lebih akurat dan adaptif. Integrasi sensor tanah, Internet of Things (IoT), dan sistem kontrol otomatis juga menunjukkan potensi dalam meningkatkan efisiensi distribusi air dan menjaga stabilitas produktivitas tanaman pada kondisi lahan kering. Meskipun demikian, implementasi teknologi masih menghadapi berbagai kendala, terutama biaya investasi, keterbatasan infrastruktur digital, kebutuhan kalibrasi sensor, dan rendahnya literasi teknologi pada tingkat petani. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan penerapan smart irrigation tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh kualitas teknologi, tetapi juga oleh kesiapan infrastruktur, kapasitas pengguna, dan dukungan kebijakan. Oleh karena itu, pengembangan sistem irigasi cerdas yang lebih sederhana, adaptif, dan sesuai kondisi lokal menjadi penting dalam mendukung pengelolaan air pertanian yang lebih efisien dan berkelanjutan pada lahan kering.
Integration of Smart Irrigation and Soil Sensors in Precision Agriculture for Water Management in Drylands: A Systematic Review
Abstract
Limited water resources and increasing climate variability have become major challenges in dryland agricultural management. The implementation of smart irrigation and soil sensors has developed as part of precision agriculture to improve water use efficiency through real-time data-based irrigation management. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of smart irrigation in improving water use efficiency, evaluate the role of soil sensors in supporting irrigation decision-making, and identify various challenges in technology implementation in dryland agriculture. The study employed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach based on PRISMA principles by analyzing 32 peer-reviewed articles obtained from Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Springer, MDPI, and ProQuest databases published between 2015 and 2026. The results indicated that smart irrigation implementation generally improved water use efficiency by 20–50% compared to conventional irrigation systems. Soil sensors played an important role in providing real-time soil moisture data, thereby supporting more accurate and adaptive irrigation decision-making systems. The integration of soil sensors, the Internet of Things (IoT), and automated control systems also demonstrated significant potential in improving water distribution efficiency and maintaining crop productivity stability under dryland conditions. However, technology implementation still faces several constraints, particularly high investment costs, limited digital infrastructure, sensor calibration requirements, and low technological literacy among farmers. This study demonstrates that the successful implementation of smart irrigation is influenced not only by technological quality but also by infrastructure readiness, user capacity, and policy support. Therefore, the development of simpler, adaptive, and locally appropriate smart irrigation systems is essential to support more efficient and sustainable agricultural water management in dryland farming systems.
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