Determinan Perilaku Aktivitas Fisik: Perspektif Promosi Kesehatan dengan Model Sosio-Ekologis
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Aktivitas fisik merupakan salah satu determinan utama kesehatan yang berperan dalam pencegahan penyakit tidak menular, peningkatan kualitas hidup, dan pemeliharaan kesehatan sepanjang daur kehidupan. Namun, tingkat aktivitas fisik pada berbagai kelompok populasi masih relatif rendah dan dipengaruhi oleh faktor yang kompleks. Pendekatan Social Ecological Model (SEM) memberikan kerangka yang komprehensif untuk memahami perilaku aktivitas fisik karena menempatkan individu dalam konteks interpersonal, organisasi, komunitas, lingkungan, dan kebijakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran pendekatan SEM dalam promosi kesehatan untuk meningkatkan aktivitas fisik melalui tinjauan literatur. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas fisik tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh motivasi dan karakteristik individu, tetapi juga oleh dukungan sosial, lingkungan binaan, akses fasilitas, budaya komunitas, serta kebijakan publik. Intervensi yang menggunakan pendekatan sosial-ekologis cenderung lebih efektif karena bekerja pada banyak level secara simultan. Kesimpulannya, pendekatan SEM sangat relevan dalam pengembangan promosi kesehatan berbasis aktivitas fisik karena mampu menjelaskan determinan perilaku secara lebih holistik dan mendukung penyusunan intervensi yang lebih berkelanjutan.
Determinants of Physical Activity Behavior: A Health Promotion Perspective with a Socio-Ecological Model
Abstract
Physical activity is one of the major determinants of health, contributing to the prevention of non-communicable diseases, improvement of quality of life, and maintenance of health across the life course. However, physical activity levels remain low in many population groups and are shaped by complex determinants. The Social Ecological Model (SEM) provides a comprehensive framework to understand physical activity behavior by situating individuals within interpersonal, organizational, community, environmental, and policy contexts. This study aims to analyze the role of the SEM approach in health promotion to improve physical activity through a literature review. The findings show that physical activity is influenced not only by individual motivation and personal characteristics, but also by social support, built environment, access to facilities, community culture, and public policy. Interventions based on the socio-ecological approach tend to be more effective because they operate across multiple levels simultaneously. In conclusion, SEM is highly relevant in developing health promotion strategies for physical activity, as it explains behavioral determinants holistically and supports more sustainable interventions.
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