Pengaruh Variasi Celah Udara dan Material Terhadap Tegangan Tembus serta Medan Listrik pada Burbar dan Penghantar
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Busbar dan penghantar merupakan komponen penting dalam sistem tenaga listrik yang memanfaatkan udara sebagai media isolasi utama pada bagian yang tidak memiliki isolasi padat. Adanya celah udara pada sambungan maupun antar konduktor dapat menyebabkan terjadinya tegangan tembus (breakdown voltage) apabila medan listrik yang terbentuk melebihi kemampuan isolasi udara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh variasi jarak celah udara, jenis material, ketebalan busbar, dan luas penampang penghantar terhadap tegangan tembus dan medan listrik. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada pengujian komparatif menggunakan objek uji yang menyerupai komponen sistem tenaga listrik, yaitu busbar aluminium, busbar tembaga, penghantar AAAC, dan penghantar ACSR, dengan variasi celah udara serta konfigurasi geometri yang berbeda. Metode penelitian dilakukan melalui pengujian breakdown voltage pada media isolasi udara dengan variasi jarak celah 1 cm, 1,5 cm, 2 cm, 2,5 cm, dan 3 cm. Hasil pengujian dikoreksi terhadap kondisi udara standar menggunakan faktor koreksi udara, kemudian digunakan untuk menghitung tegangan tembus standar dan medan listrik rata-rata. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan jarak celah udara menyebabkan kenaikan nilai tegangan tembus dan penurunan medan listrik rata-rata. Pada penghantar ACSR 250 mm², nilai tegangan tembus meningkat dari 9,87 kV pada jarak 1 cm menjadi 23,95 kV pada jarak 3 cm. Pada busbar aluminium posisi 1 dengan ketebalan 0,635 cm, tegangan tembus meningkat dari 13,03 kV menjadi 28,20 kV ketika jarak celah meningkat dari 1 cm menjadi 3 cm. Perbedaan karakteristik tegangan tembus juga teramati pada variasi material, ketebalan busbar, dan konfigurasi posisi busbar, yang menunjukkan bahwa geometri elektroda dan distribusi medan listrik berpengaruh terhadap proses breakdown pada media udara. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan data eksperimental awal mengenai karakteristik tegangan tembus pada komponen yang umum digunakan dalam sistem tenaga listrik serta dapat menjadi referensi dalam perancangan jarak isolasi udara pada sambungan busbar dan penghantar.
The Effect of Air Gap and Material Variations on Breakdown Voltage and Electric Field in Busbars and Conductors
Abstract
Busbars and conductors are essential components in power systems that rely on air as the primary insulating medium in sections without solid insulation. Air gaps between conductors or connection points may lead to breakdown voltage when the resulting electric field exceeds the dielectric strength of air. This study aims to analyze the effects of air-gap distance, material type, busbar thickness, and conductor cross-sectional area on breakdown voltage and electric field characteristics. The novelty of this study lies in the comparative testing of actual power-system components, including aluminum busbars, copper busbars, AAAC conductors, and ACSR conductors, with variations in air-gap distance and geometric configurations. The research was conducted using a breakdown voltage testing method with air-gap variations of 1 cm, 1.5 cm, 2 cm, 2.5 cm, and 3 cm. The measured results were corrected to standard atmospheric conditions using an air correction factor and subsequently used to calculate standard breakdown voltage and average electric field values. The results indicate that increasing the air-gap distance leads to higher breakdown voltage and lower average electric field values. For the ACSR 250 mm² conductor, the breakdown voltage increased from 9.87 kV at a 1 cm gap to 23.95 kV at a 3 cm gap. For the 0.635 cm aluminum busbar in position 1, the breakdown voltage increased from 13.03 kV to 28.20 kV as the gap distance increased from 1 cm to 3 cm. Differences in breakdown voltage characteristics were also observed for variations in material type, busbar thickness, and busbar configuration, indicating that electrode geometry and electric field distribution influence the breakdown process in air insulation. The findings provide preliminary experimental data on breakdown voltage characteristics of components commonly used in power systems and may serve as a reference for determining air-insulation clearances in busbar and conductor connections.
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