Perbandingan Efisiensi Energi dan Kinerja Motor Listrik dan Motor BBM Berdasarkan Jarak Tempuh, Perawatan, dan Suhu Operasional
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Penggunaan sepeda motor yang tinggi di Indonesia mendorong perlunya kajian mengenai kendaraan yang lebih efisien energi, ekonomis, dan aman dioperasikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan efisiensi energi dan kinerja operasional satu unit motor listrik dengan satu unit motor berbahan bakar minyak (BBM) 109 cc pada rute sejauh 5 km dengan beban total 158 kg. Metode yang digunakan adalah eksperimen komparatif melalui sepuluh kali pengujian pada masing-masing kendaraan. Parameter yang diamati meliputi konsumsi energi, suhu operasional, kebutuhan perawatan, dan aspek keselamatan kerja selama pengujian. Konsumsi energi motor listrik diestimasi berdasarkan perubahan persentase kapasitas baterai, sedangkan konsumsi energi motor BBM dihitung melalui konversi volume Pertalite ke satuan energi menggunakan nilai kalor bahan bakar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa motor listrik mengonsumsi energi rata-rata sebesar 85,31 Wh per 5 km atau 17,06 Wh/km, sedangkan motor BBM memerlukan energi rata-rata sebesar 159,96 Wh/km. Suhu operasional motor BBM mencapai hampir 50°C, lebih tinggi dibandingkan motor listrik yang berada pada kisaran 42,8°C. Dari sisi perawatan rutin, motor BBM memerlukan penggantian oli, filter udara, dan komponen sistem pembakaran secara berkala, sedangkan motor listrik terutama memerlukan inspeksi baterai dan sistem kelistrikan. Ditinjau dari aspek keselamatan kerja, motor listrik menunjukkan risiko yang lebih rendah terhadap paparan permukaan panas dan penanganan bahan bakar, meskipun keselamatan kelistrikan dan pengelolaan baterai tetap perlu diperhatikan. Berdasarkan kondisi pengujian yang dilakukan, motor listrik menunjukkan konsumsi energi terestimasi dan biaya energi per kilometer yang lebih rendah dibandingkan motor BBM 109 cc. Namun, hasil penelitian ini perlu dipahami sebagai temuan awal karena hanya melibatkan satu unit kendaraan untuk masing-masing jenis, menggunakan estimasi konsumsi energi berdasarkan indikator baterai, serta dilakukan pada kondisi jalan yang belum sepenuhnya terkontrol. Penelitian lanjutan diperlukan dengan metode pengukuran energi yang lebih akurat dan jumlah sampel kendaraan yang lebih besar untuk meningkatkan validitas dan generalisasi hasil.
Comparison of Energy Efficiency and Performance of Electric Motorcycles and Conventional Motorcycles Based on Mileage, Maintenance, and Operating Temperature
Abstract
The high utilization of motorcycles in Indonesia necessitates studies on vehicles that are more energy-efficient, economical, and safe to operate. This study aims to compare the energy efficiency and operational performance of one electric motorcycle and one 109 cc internal combustion engine (ICE) motorcycle over a 5 km route with an equivalent total load of 158 kg. A comparative experimental method was employed through ten trials for each vehicle. The observed parameters included energy consumption, operating temperature, maintenance requirements, and occupational safety aspects during testing. Energy consumption of the electric motorcycle was estimated based on changes in battery percentage, while the energy consumption of the ICE motorcycle was calculated by converting Pertalite fuel volume into energy units using the fuel heating value. The results showed that the electric motorcycle consumed an average of 85.31 Wh per 5 km or 17.06 Wh/km, whereas the ICE motorcycle required an average of 159.96 Wh/km. The operating temperature of the ICE motorcycle reached nearly 50°C, which was higher than that of the electric motorcycle at approximately 42.8°C. In terms of routine maintenance, the ICE motorcycle required periodic oil changes, air filter replacements, and combustion system maintenance, whereas the electric motorcycle mainly required battery and electrical system inspections. From an occupational safety perspective, the electric motorcycle presented lower risks related to hot surface exposure and fuel handling, although electrical safety and battery management remain important considerations. Under the testing conditions applied in this study, the electric motorcycle demonstrated lower estimated energy consumption and energy cost per kilometer than the 109 cc ICE motorcycle. However, these findings should be interpreted as preliminary results because the study involved only one vehicle from each category, relied on battery-percentage-based energy estimation, and was conducted under road conditions that were not fully controlled. Further studies employing direct energy measurement methods and larger vehicle samples are required to improve the validity and generalizability of the findings.
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