Pengaruh Efektivitas Panel Surya 20 WP terhadap Polutan dengan Monitoring IoT

Abstract

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) merupakan salah satu solusi energi terbarukan yang pemanfaatannya terus berkembang. Namun, panel surya yang terpasang di ruang terbuka sangat rentan terhadap paparan polutan yang dapat menghalangi penyerapan cahaya dan menurunkan efektivitasnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh polutan terhadap efisiensi relatif daya panel surya serta mengevaluasi kinerja sistem pemantauan berbasis Internet of Things (IoT). Metode penelitian dilakukan melalui eksperimen lapangan dengan memanfaatkan mikrokontroler ESP32, sensor INA219, modul Mini560 step-down, serta platform Blynk dan Google Spreadsheet untuk pemantauan real-time. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada kondisi bersih, panel surya menghasilkan daya rata-rata 11,87 W dengan iradiasi 526,57 W/m² dengan efisiensi relatif 100 %. Pada kondisi debu hasil pembakaran 3 gram, daya rata-rata menurun menjadi 9,14 W dengan iradiasi 510,52 W/m² dan efisiensi 77 %. Sementara itu, polutan basah tiga titik menurunkan daya rata-rata menjadi 8,04 W pada iradiasi 500,52 W/m² dengan efisiensi 67,73 %. Penurunan paling signifikan terjadi pada jelaga karbon 5 gram dengan daya rata-rata hanya 5,26 W pada iradiasi 472,63 W/m² dan efisiensi 44,31 %. Temuan ini membuktikan bahwa semakin rendah iradiasi yang diterima akibat polutan, semakin rendah pula daya keluaran panel surya. Polutan kering, terutama jelaga karbon, memberikan dampak paling merugikan dibanding polutan basah. Sistem IoT terbukti efektif dalam merekam data secara real-time, sehingga dapat mendukung pemantauan dan optimalisasi operasional PLTS.

Solar Power Plants (PLTS) are a renewable energy solution whose use continues to grow. However, solar panels installed in open spaces are very susceptible to exposure to pollutants which can block light absorption and reduce their effectiveness. This research aims to analyze the influence of pollutants on the relative efficiency of solar panel power and evaluate the performance of an Internet of Things (IoT) based monitoring system. The research method was carried out through field experiments using an ESP32 microcontroller, INA219 sensor, step-down Mini560 module, as well as the Blynk and Google Spreadsheet platforms for real-time monitoring. The research results show that in clean conditions, solar panels produce an average power of 11.87 W with irradiation of 526.57 W/m² with a relative efficiency of 100%. Under conditions of 3 grams of combustion dust, the average power decreased to 9.14 W with irradiation of 510.52 W/m² and efficiency of 77%. Meanwhile, three-point wet pollutant reduces the average power to 8.04 W at irradiation of 500.52 W/m² with an efficiency of 67.73%. The most significant reduction occurred in 5 gram carbon soot with an average power of only 5.26 W at irradiation of 472.63 W/m² and efficiency of 44.31%. This finding proves that the lower the irradiation received due to pollutants, the lower the solar panel output power. Dry pollutants, especially carbon soot, have the most detrimental impact compared to wet pollutants. The IoT system has proven to be effective in recording data in real-time, so that it can support monitoring and optimizing PLTS operations.