Linking Entrepreneurial Competence, Motivation, and Teacher Performance in Indonesian Vocational Education: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis
Downloads
How to Cite
This study examined the influence of principals' entrepreneurial competencies on teachers' motivation and performance in vocational high schools (SMKs) in Bulukumba Regency, using Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM; AMOS v24). The structural model incorporated five dimensions of entrepreneurial competency (innovation, creativity, commitment, risk-taking, and team building), with teacher motivation as the mediating variable and teacher performance as the outcome. A sample of 200 teachers was drawn proportionally from 10 schools. Instrument validation confirmed high convergent validity and internal consistency (CRs 0.779–0.884; AVEs≥ 0.70). Model fit was evaluated using a contextual cross-index calibration approach, resulting in good fit indices (CFI = 0.989; RMSEA = 0.027; χ²(206) = 236.373, p = 0.072). Structurally, team-building (β = 0.404, p < 0.001), creativity (β = 0.165, p = 0.009), and commitment (β = 0.106, p = 0.042) showed significant direct effects on teacher performance, alongside teacher motivation (β = 0.291, p = 0.003). Motivation significantly mediated the impact of creativity on performance (t = 2.164). Collectively, this model explained 70.6% of the variance in motivation and 90.2% of the variance in performance. The novelty of this study lies in modeling the five dimensions of entrepreneurial leadership simultaneously, unlike previous research, which treated entrepreneurship as a unidimensional construct within a district-wide mediation framework. In practice, these findings suggest that leadership development programs should prioritize creativity, commitment, and team-building to enhance teacher motivation and performance in vocational education settings.
Afthanorhan, A., Awang, Z., Aimran, N., & Arifin, J. (2021). An Extensive Comparison Between CBSEM and Consistent PLS-SEM on Producing the Estimates of Construct Correlation in Applied Research. Journal of Physics Conference Series, 1874(1), 012083. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1874/1/012083
Alhambra‐Borrás, T., Doñate-Martínez, A., & Ferrer, J. G. (2020). The Living Standards Capabilities for Elders Scale (LSCAPE): Adaptation and Validation in a Sample of Spanish Seniors. Ageing and Society, 41(11), 2527–2539. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x20000446
Anjum, A. W., Awan, R. u. N., & Zulqarnain, M. (2021). Head’s Leadership Styles and Effectiveness of School Teams: Exploring the Role of Motivational Mechanisms. Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 9(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.52015/jrss.9i1.92
Ariyani, D., & Suyatno, S. (2021). The Contribution of Entrepreneurial Competency and Principal’s Leadership on the Learning School and Its Implication on Teachers’ Innovative Performance. Jpi (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia), 10(3), 545. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpi-undiksha.v10i3.29879
AS’ARI, A., Syarifuddin, E., & Apud, A. (2024). Contribution of Entrepreneurial Competence of Madrasah Principals to Improve Graduate Quality. International Journal of Education Teaching and Social Sciences, 4(4), 93–105. https://doi.org/10.47747/ijets.v4i4.2265
Barbosa, J. J., Duarte, A. R., & Martins, H. S. R. (2020). A Performance Evaluation in Multivariate Outliers Identification Methods. Ciência E Natura, 42, e16. https://doi.org/10.5902/2179460x41662
Bastos, A. A., Félix, P. V., Castro, M. A. d., Fisberg, R. M., Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva, Yannakoulia, M., & Ribeiro, S. M. L. (2023). Comparison and Convergent Validity of Five Mediterranean Dietary Indexes Applied to Brazilian Adults and Older Adults: Data from a Population-Based Study (2015 ISA-Nutrition). Journal of Nutritional Science, 12. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2022.123
ÇAMUR, H., & Göğüş, A. (2023). Validity and Reliability Study of School Principals’ Competence-Based Job Performance Perceptions Scale. Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 52(1), 207–246. https://doi.org/10.14812/cuefd.1205795
Cho, S. M., Park, C., & Song, M. (2020). The evolution of social health research topics: A data-driven analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 265, 113299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113299
Çin, N. N. A., Şeref, B., Özçelik, A. Ö., Atav, S., & Begdache, L. (2021). Validity and Reliability of Turkish Version of the Food–Mood Questionnaire for University Students. Public Health Nutrition, 25(4), 841–849. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980021004377
Çoban, Ö., Özdemir, N., & Bellibaş, M. Ş. (2020). Trust in Principals, Leaders’ Focus on Instruction, Teacher Collaboration, and Teacher Self-Efficacy: Testing a Multilevel Mediation Model. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 51(1), 95–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220968170
Dzin, N. H. M., & Lay, Y. F. (2021). Validity and Reliability of Adapted Self-Efficacy Scales in Malaysian Context Using PLS-SEM Approach. Education Sciences, 11(11), 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11110676
En, W. C. (2023). Research on the Relationship Between Principal’s Transformational Leadership, Teachers’ Empowerment, and Teachers’ Well-Being. Ijer, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.33552/ijer.2023.01.000503
Farell, G., Latt, C. N. Z., Jalinus, N., Yulastri, A., & Wahyudi, R. (2024). Analysis of Job Recommendations in Vocational Education Using the Intelligent Job Matching Model. Joiv International Journal on Informatics Visualization, 8(1), 361. https://doi.org/10.62527/joiv.8.1.2201
Groskurth, K., Nießen, D., Rammstedt, B., & Lechner, C. M. (2022). The impulsive behavior short scale–8 (I-8): A comprehensive validation of the English-language adaptation. PLOS ONE, 17(9), e0273801. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273801
Gutiérrez-Carvajal, O. I., Polo-Vargas, J. D., Vargas-Montealegre, A. R., Zumárraga-Espinosa, M., Ramírez-Ocaña, X., Segovia Marin, V., & Calderín Salgado, L. M. (2022). Validation of the Job Crafting scale in Latin American workers. Anales de Psicología, 38(1), 139–148.
Ho, C. S. M., Eyal, O., & Man, T. W. Y. (2024). Profiling Teacher Leaders Through Entrepreneurial Behaviours: A cluster Analysis. Journal of Educational Administration, 63(1), 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1108/jea-03-2024-0079
Juhji, J., Ma’mur, I., Nugraha, E., Nurhadi, A., & Tarihoran, N. (2022). A Meta-Analysis Study of Principal Leadership and Teacher Job Satisfaction. Al-Ishlah Jurnal Pendidikan, 14(2), 1645–1652. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v14i2.1498
Kalnins, A., & Hill, K. P. (2023). The VIF Score. What Is It Good For? Absolutely Nothing. Organizational Research Methods, 28(1), 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/10944281231216381
Kamsidik, K. (2024). The Influence of Principal Leadership, Work Motivation, and Work Discipline on the Performance of Vocational School Teachers in Cluster 3 of South Tangerang City. International Journal Multidisciplinary Science, 3(2), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.56127/ijml.v3i2.1308
Khurniawan, A. W., Sailah, I., Muliono, P., Maarif, M. S., & Indriyanto, B. (2020). Analysis of the Effect of School Governance and Total Quality Management on the Effectiveness of Vocational School-Based Entreprise. https://doi.org/10.31098/ic-smart.v1i1.20
Kösem, D. D., Bektaş, M., Bektaş, İ., Demir, Ş., & Bryant, E. (2020). Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Child Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire for Primary and Secondary School Students. Public Health Nutrition, 24(3), 427–435. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980020001767
kurniyanti, wiwin, Harsono, H., Fathoni, A., & Minsih, M. (2025). Kompetensi Kewirausahaan Kepala Sekolah Dalam Mendorong Kesejahteraan Warga Sekolah Dasar. Cetta Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 8(2), 366–381. https://doi.org/10.37329/cetta.v8i2.4139
Lasanthika, C., Wanigasuriya, K., Hettiaratchi, U., Amarasekara, T., & Goonewardena, S. (2022). Psychometric Properties and Hidden Dimensionality of the Sinhala Version of End Stage Renal Disease Adherence Questionnaire (SINESRD-AQ) Among Patients Receiving Haemodialysis in a Selected Hospital in Sri Lanka. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1077695/v2
Li, W., & Lay, Y. F. (2024). Examining the Reliability and Validity of Measuring Scales Related to Informatization and Instructional Leadership Using the PLS-SEM Approach. Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 12(3), 461–480. https://doi.org/10.18488/73.v12i3.3789
Machali, I., Murfi, A., & Yani, Z. (2024). Impact of Entrepreneurial Leadership on Teacher Creativity: The Mediating Role of School Culture in Indonesian Public Senior Secondary Schools. Gerr, 1(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.71380/gerr-08-2024-18
Maleki, A. (2024). Designing a Training Model for Value-Creating School Principals in Secondary School. Injoeacs, 5(1), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.ijecs.5.1.10
Martini, M., Sariani, S., Marzuki, D., Apriyanti, D., Damaiyanti, M., & Ts Ummu Hani Binti Yusof. (2024). Project-Based Learning (PjBL) Practice in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Indonesia and Malaysia: A Comparative Study. European Modern Studies Journal, 8(1), 304–312. https://doi.org/10.59573/emsj.8(1).2024.27
Mas, S. R., Masaong, Abd. K., Djafar, H., & Marhawati, B. (2023). The Correlation Between Principals’ Managerial Competence, Academic Supervision Competence, Entrepreneurial Competence, and Teachers’ Motivation for Achievement Throughout State Vocational High Schools. International Journal of Arts and Humanities Studies, 3(1), 09–15. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijahs.2023.3.1.2
McNeish, D., & Wolf, M. G. (2020). Thinking twice about sum scores. Behavior Research Methods, 52(6), 2287–2305. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-020-01398-0
Mergen, E. K., & Karahan, S. (2024). Comparison of Univariate and Multivariate Reference Interval Methods. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.11.04.621828
Meyer, A., Richter, D., & Hartung-Beck, V. (2020). The Relationship Between Principal Leadership and Teacher Collaboration: Investigating the Mediating Effect of Teachers’ Collective Efficacy. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 50(4), 593–612. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220945698
Moghaddam, S. A. P., Amiri, P., Eini‐Zinab, H., & Saidpour, A. (2020). Validity and Reliability of the Iranian Version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Obese Women. Public Health Nutrition, 24(9), 2512–2520. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980020003560
Mutohar, P. M., & Trisnantari, H. E. (2020). The Effectiveness of Madrasah: Analysis of Managerial Skills, Learning Supervision, School Culture, and Teachers’ Performance. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management, 8(3), 21–47. https://doi.org/10.22452/mojem.vol8no3.2
Nelson, J. L., Ahn, J., & Hegtvedt, K. A. (2024). Fair Across the Board? Relating Teacher Commitment to Teachers’ Perceptions of Principal Versus Assistant Principal Leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly, 61(1), 104–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161x241300623
Pinkas, G. (2021). Perception of School Climate as a Mediating Factor in Relation Between Teacher Motivation and the Perceived School Principal Leadership Style. Društvene I Humanističke Studije (Online), 6(3(16)), 411–434. https://doi.org/10.51558/2490-3647.2021.6.3.411
Priyana, Y., Rizqi, V., & Mayasari, N. (2024). Analysis of the Effectiveness of Professional Development Programs, School Committee Participation, and Government Support on Teacher Performance in East Java. West Science Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(09), 1812–1822. https://doi.org/10.58812/wsis.v2i09.1304
Puspitawati, R., & Ricky, R. (2024). The Influence of Idealized Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation and Individualized Consideration on Teaching Behavior Mediated by Entrepreneurial Behavior. Petra International Journal of Business Studies, 7(2), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.9744/petraijbs.7.2.201-210
Ramadhani, A. W., Kusmawan, U., & Sudrajat, A. (2022). The Principal Entrepreneurial Competence and Teachers’ Role Influence on the Green-Clean-Creative School Program Success at State Elementary Schools in Kebayoran Lama Sub-District. Edubasic Journal Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar, 4(1), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.17509/ebj.v4i1.39438
Sari, M. K., Susanti, L., Jasrial, J., & Wildanah, F. (2024). Entrepreneurial Competence of School Principals at State Vocational Schools in Lubuk Begalung District, Padang City. Int J Edu, 110–115. https://doi.org/10.24036/ije.2.3.110-115
Shafie, M. S., Taff, M. A. M., Johanis, N. J., Said, O. F. M., Mat, H. C., Hashim, M., Aziz, M. N. A., & Afandi, M. A. M. (2022). A Structural Equation Modelling Approach for Validation of Adventure-Based Mental Toughness Inventory (Abmti). Malaysian Journal of Sport Science and Recreation, 18(2), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.24191/mjssr.v18i2.19585
Sharifah Sakinah Syed Abd Mutalib, Satari, S. Z., & Wan Nur Syahidah Wan Yusoff. (2021). Comparison of Robust Estimators’ Performance for Detecting Outliers in Multivariate Data. Journal of Statistical Modelling and Analytics, 3(2), 36–64. https://doi.org/10.22452/josma.vol3no2.3
Shi, D., Zhang, M., Wang, Y., Xu, Y., & Yang, X. (2022). Associations Between Kindergarten Climate and Retention Intention of Kindergarten Teachers: The Chain Mediating Roles of Perceived Organizational Support and Psychological Empowerment. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.906434
Silva Díaz, J. A., Heene, M., & Brandmaier, A. M. (2025). Evaluation of Structural Equation Model Forests’ Performance to Identify Omitted Influential Covariates. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 32(2), 319–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2024.2417866
Sinaga, S., Lian, B., & Eddy, S. (2021). The Effect of Principal Managerial Competence and Teacher Professional Competence on Primary School Teacher Performance. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210716.163
Sufrida, S., Yusrizal, Y., & Usman, N. (2022). Implementation of Principal Managerial Supervision in Improving School Performance at the State Vocational School of Aceh Besar Regency. Al-Ishlah Jurnal Pendidikan, 14(4), 5423–5430. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v14i4.1501
Syarifuddin, K. A. (2024). School Principal Management in Improving Teacher Competency Vocational School in Jambi Province. Ijmeal, 1(2), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.61132/ijmeal.v1i2.19
Tan, C. Y., Gao, L., & Shi, M. (2020). Second-Order Meta-Analysis Synthesizing the Evidence on Associations Between School Leadership and Different School Outcomes. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 50(3), 469–490. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220935456
Warda, W., Hastati, S., & Nurjannah, S. (2025). The Influence of Entrepreneurial Competence and Principal Supervision on Teacher Performance at SD. Jee, 3(1), 142–156. https://doi.org/10.59638/jee.v3i1.313
Wiryawan, B. A., Herawati, N. R., Rum, M., & Perkasa, R. G. (2024). Optimization of Bilateral Cooperation at the Local Level: Vocational Schooling Program and Firm Productivity in Central Java. Politika Jurnal Ilmu Politik, 15(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.14710/politika.15.1.2024.37-54
Ximénez, C., Revuelta, J., & Castañeda, R. (2022). What are the consequences of ignoring cross-loadings in bifactor models? A simulation study assessing parameter recovery and sensitivity of goodness-of-fit indices. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923877
Yalçın, M. T., Atasoy, R., & Göçen, A. (2025). Trust, Professionalism and Empowerment: How School Leaders Shape Instructional Practices. European Journal of Education, 60(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.70087
Zhang, Z. (2022). Multilevel SEM in Mplus. https://doi.org/10.61700/p80oftrbgz4z3469
Zhang, Z., Zhang, N., & Wang, J. (2022). The Influencing Factors on Impulse Buying Behavior of Consumers Under the Mode of Hunger Marketing in Live Commerce. Sustainability, 14(4), 2122. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042122
Zou, H., Yao, J., Zhang, Y., & Huang, X. (2023). The Influence of Teachers’ Intrinsic Motivation on Students’ Intrinsic Motivation: The Mediating Role of Teachers’ Motivating Style and Teacher‐student Relationships. Psychology in the Schools, 61(1), 272–286. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.23050
Copyright (c) 2026 Sri Hastati, Abdul Wahid, Nur Afni
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengkajian Ilmu Pendidikan: e-Saintika agree to the following terms:
- For all articles published in Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengkajian Ilmu Pendidikan: e-Saintika, copyright is retained by the authors. Authors give permission to the publisher to announce the work with conditions. When the manuscript is accepted for publication, the authors agrees to implement a non-exclusive transfer of publishing rights to the journals.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
