Kelimutu-Integrated Discovery Learning E-Module for Scientific Literacy and Self-Directed Learning in Biodiversity Education
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Scientific literacy and self-directed learning are important competencies in biology education that can be supported through contextual and systematically designed digital learning resources. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a discovery-learning e-module integrating the local biodiversity potential of Kelimutu National Park for Phase E biodiversity learning. The study employed the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) model and was conducted from January to December 2025 at two high schools in Ende Regency. Feasibility was evaluated by one media and instructional-materials expert and one subject-matter expert, while practicality was assessed by two biology teachers and 35 Grade 10 students. Effectiveness was examined using a pretest-posttest nonequivalent control-group design involving 32 students in the experimental group and 30 students in the control group. Scientific literacy was measured using 10 valid and reliable essay items, whereas self-directed learning was assessed using a valid and reliable 20-item self-assessment instrument. Data were analyzed descriptively and using one-way MANOVA. The e-module was rated very feasible by both experts and very practical by teachers and students. The experimental group showed larger descriptive gains in scientific literacy (60.40 to 85.59) and self-directed learning (63.46 to 86.90) than the control group (50.83 to 59.70 and 56.66 to 66.93, respectively). The MANOVA showed a significant multivariate group difference, Pillai's Trace = .958, F(2, 59) = 671.689, p < .001. Follow-up tests also showed significant group differences in scientific literacy and self-directed learning, with large effect sizes. These findings support the educational potential of a Kelimutu-integrated discovery-learning e-module as a feasible, practical, and contextually meaningful digital resource for supporting scientific literacy and self-directed learning in biodiversity education.
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